Influence of Myocardial Hemorrhage on Staging of Reperfused Myocardial Infarctions With T Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Insights Into the Dependence on Infarction Type With Ex Vivo Validation

Authors

Guan Wang, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Hsin-Jung Yang, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Avinash Kali, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Ivan Cokic, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Richard Tang, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Guoxi Xie, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Qi Yang, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Joseph Francis, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Songbai Li, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. Electronic address: songbaili001@163.com.
Rohan Dharmakumar, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: rohandkumar@csmc.edu.

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

4-1-2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether T cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can stage both hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic myocardial infarctions (MIs). BACKGROUND: CMR-based staging of MI with or without contrast agents relies on the resolution of T elevations in the chronic phase, but whether this approach can be used to stage both hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic MIs is unclear. METHODS: Hemorrhagic (n = 15) and nonhemorrhagic (n = 9) MIs were created in dogs. Multiparametric noncontrast mapping (T, T, and T*) and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) were performed at 1.5- and 3.0-T at 5 days (acute) and 8 weeks (chronic) post-MI. CMR relaxation values and LGE intensities of hemorrhagic, peri-hemorrhagic, nonhemorrhagic, and remote territories were measured. Histopathology was performed to elucidate CMR findings. RESULTS: T of nonhemorrhagic MIs was significantly elevated in the acute phase relative to remote territories (1.5-T: 39.8 ± 12.8%; 3.0-T: 27.9 ± 16.5%; p < 0.0001 for both) but resolved to remote values by week 8 (1.5-T: -0.0 ± 3.2%; p = 0.678; 3.0-T: -0.5 ± 5.9%; p = 0.601). In hemorrhagic MI, T of hemorrhage core was significantly elevated in the acute phase (1.5-T: 17.7 ± 10.0%; 3.0-T: 8.6 ± 8.2%; p < 0.0001 for both) but decreased below remote values by week 8 (1.5-T: -8.2 ± 3.9%; 3.0-T: -5.6 ± 6.0%; p < 0.0001 for both). In contrast, T of the periphery of hemorrhage within the MI zone was significantly elevated in the acute phase relative to remote territories (1.5-T: 35.0 ± 16.1%; 3.0-T: 24.2 ± 10.4%; p < 0.0001 for both) and remained elevated at 8 weeks post-MI (1.5-T: 8.6 ± 5.1%; 3.0-T: 6.0 ± 3.3%; p < 0.0001 for both). The observed elevation of T in the peri-hemorrhagic zone of MIs and the absence of T elevation in nonhemorrhagic MIs were consistent with ongoing or absence of histological evidence of inflammation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Hemorrhagic MIs are associated with persisting myocardial inflammation and edema, which can confound staging of hemorrhagic MIs when T elevations alone are used to discriminate between acute and chronic MI. Moreover, given the poor prognosis in patients with hemorrhagic MI, CMR evidence for myocardial hemorrhage with persistent edema may evolve as a risk marker in patients after acute MI.

Publication Source (Journal or Book title)

JACC. Cardiovascular imaging

First Page

693

Last Page

703

Recommended Citation

Wang, G., Yang, H., Kali, A., Cokic, I., Tang, R., Xie, G., Yang, Q., Francis, J., Li, S., & Dharmakumar, R. (2019). Influence of Myocardial Hemorrhage on Staging of Reperfused Myocardial Infarctions With T Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Insights Into the Dependence on Infarction Type With Ex Vivo Validation. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging, 12 (4), 693-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.01.018